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An ocean without salt would decimate marine life and affect our global temperature and weather dramatically, making human life on Earth incredibly complicated.

There are roughly 230,000 known marine species in the ocean and an estimated 2 million more that have yet to be discovered, but if the sea were to become desalinated, we’d likely never get the chance to find those new forms of life.

Along with marine animals, marine plant life would also be affected. Underwater algae account for almost half the photosynthesis occurring on this planet! With significantly less photosynthesis and extremely volatile climatic conditions, our world would no longer support the diverse plant life it has now. The food chain itself would collapse. Most species, including humans, would not survive for long.

#desalination #watercrisis #freshwater

References:
https://www.utdallas.edu/~pujana/oceans/why.html
https://royalsociety.org.nz/assets/Uploads/Primary-CREST-and-Ocean-Investigations-Salt-Water-vs-Fresh-Water.pdf
https://www.msnucleus.org/membership/html/k-6/wc/oceans/4/wcoc4_1a.html
https://www.ecomena.org/tag/negative-effects-of-desalination/

Original Article Link:
https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/world-oceans-become-freshwater.html

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9 2

G-LOC, or gravity-induced loss of consciousness, is an extreme result of being subject to high G forces for sustained periods of time. Particularly common in high-speed ascents, the blood tends to pool in the lower portions of the body, completely depriving the brain. This results in a temporary loss of consciousness and, consequently, a catastrophic loss of control of the aircraft.

In order to increase their threshold for G-LOC, fighter pilots must routinely subject themselves to artificially created high G-force scenarios. This is aided by ‘human centrifuges’ that rotate at high speeds to simulate extreme in-flight situations. This acclimatizes pilots and reduces the risk of G-LOC during actual air time. While they can survive high G forces for very short intervals of time, they are trained to sustain up to 9Gs, although stunt pilots often push their limits to 12G.

#gforce #gloc #passingout

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References:
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218061
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2907878/
https://commons.erau.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1555&context=jaaer
https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1183272/FULLTEXT01.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjggeWZ3qH6AhU7D0QIHUXHA_0QFnoECBQQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2agrqLePeogQKvH3-FG-Zl

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https://www.scienceabc.com/eyeopeners/why-do-fighter-pilots-pass-out-sometimes-while-flying-what-is-g-loc.html

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10 1

Aristotle suggested in 350 BC that nature abhors a vacuum, meaning that space is not empty. Between the 1600s and 1800s, many theories and laws were articulated regarding the behavior of air with respect to pressure, temperature, molecules, etc. Some of these laws include Boyle’s Law, Charles’s Law, Avogadro’s Law, the Ideal Gas Law and many more. All the laws and theories played a huge role in the discovery of space’s empty nature.

Sir Isaac Newton laid down his theory of Universal Gravitation in 1687, which explained that gravity pulls the atmosphere towards Earth’s surface. Thus, at a certain height above Earth, gravity stops acting on bodies and they drift away into space. This is why there is no oxygen in space.

#oxygen #oxygennotincluded #vacuum

References:
http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/05/why-there-so-little-breathable-oxygen-space
https://odb.org/US/2011/01/21/nature-abhors-a-vacuum
https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00053.2012

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https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/universe/no-technology-first-figure-theres-no-oxygen-space.html

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34 3

The Fermi Paradox refers to the apparent contradiction between the high probability of extraterrestrial life in the universe and the lack of evidence or contact with such civilizations. Named after physicist Enrico Fermi, the paradox raises questions like: given the vast number of stars and potentially habitable planets, why haven't we found any signs of intelligent life? If civilizations can become advanced enough to colonize the galaxy or communicate over vast distances, why haven’t we seen signs of this? Various explanations have been proposed, including the Rare Earth Hypothesis, the Great Filter and self-destruction (civilizations may tend to self-destruct before they can make contact with others.)

Another possible explanation is that advanced civilizations might be intentionally avoiding contact with us, either observing us from a distance or choosing not to interfere with less developed civilizations. This idea, known as the "Zoo Hypothesis," suggests that extraterrestrial life may be aware of our existence but has chosen not to reveal itself. Additionally, some theories propose that civilizations capable of interstellar travel might focus their resources inward on technological advancements or virtual realities, rather than exploring or colonizing other planets. As we continue to search for answers, the Fermi Paradox remains one of the most intriguing mysteries of our time.

#FermiParadox #ExtraterrestrialLife #GreatFilterTheory

References:
https://www.stat.berkeley.edu/~aldous/Research/Ugrad/mark_yu_haihan.pdf
https://pages.uoregon.edu/jschombe/cosmo/lectures/lec28.html
https://pressbooks.cuny.edu/astrobiology/chapter/the-drake-equation-and-the-fermi-paradox/

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141 18

Over the decades, computers have reduced exponentially in both size and cost, such that now they are even affordable for personal computing. This is largely due to the miniaturization in transistor technology, super-efficient silicon-integrated circuits, and the effect of Moore’s Law.

Gordon E. Moore, the co-founder of Intel, published a paper in Electronics Magazine on April 19, 1965, describing a law which is now known as Moore's Law. In this paper, he estimated that it would take 18 months for computers to double in processing power. This would result in computers today that are millions of times faster than those used only half a century ago.

#mooreslaw #moore #computerevolution

References:

Original Article Link:

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12 1

When two molecules of hydrogen combine with one molecule of oxygen, they undergo a chemical reaction to produce two molecules of water—and also release a lot of energy. This reaction is, therefore, exothermic in nature. Hydrogen is also called “water-former” because of this reaction.

The energy released in this reaction is mostly in the form of heat. This heat imparts kinetic energy to molecules of the gaseous mixture and causes them to expand. The air surrounding the gases also starts expanding very rapidly. This sudden and quick expansion of gas molecules causes a break in the sound barrier. Thus, we hear a pop sound when hydrogen is burned due to the explosion.

The pop sound also results from impurities present in the gaseous mixture undergoing the chemical reaction.

#hydrogengas #hydrogenwater #popsound

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References:
https://www.britannica.com/science/hydrogen/Isotopes-of-hydrogen
https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/1/hydrogen
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-does-combining-hydrog/

Original Article Link:
https://www.scienceabc.com/pure-sciences/why-does-hydrogen-burn-with-a-popping-sound.html

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6 0

Carbohydrates are measured indirectly, rather than using experimental methods. First, the amount of other nutrients in the food (protein, fats, water, ash, and alcohol) is determined individually. We then subtract the sum of these individual values from the total weight of the food.
Total Carbs = 100 – (weight in grams of [protein + fat + water + ash + alcohol] in 100 g of food)

To measure protein, the nitrogen content is determined, and this amount is then multiplied by a factor to get the protein content. On average, we find the nitrogen content in proteins to be 16%.
Total Protein = Nitrogen in Food x 6.25 (1/0.16 = 6.25)

The methods used to measure fats are solvent extraction, non-solvent extraction, and a few other instrumental methods.

#dietaryhealth #carbs #proteins

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References:
https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7010005
https://people.umass.edu/~mcclemen/581Lipids.html
https://www.fao.org/3/y5022e/y5022e03.htm
https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/how-read-food-and-beverage-labels
https://books.google.com/books?id=7mL1vQAACAAJ

Original Article Link:
https://www.scienceabc.com/eyeopeners/know-exactly-much-carbs-calories-proteins-etc-present-food-item.html

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19 1

Quantum computers use the principles of quantum mechanics to process information in ways that classical computers can't. They rely on qubits, which can exist in multiple states simultaneously, allowing for more complex computations and parallel processing. Unlike classical bits, which are either 0 or 1, qubits can be in a state of 0, 1, or both simultaneously (superposition). This allows quantum computers to process a vast amount of information at once. Qubits can be entangled, meaning the state of one qubit can depend on the state of another, no matter how far apart they are. This correlation can be used to perform complex calculations more efficiently. Quantum computers could break widely used encryption methods (like RSA) due to their ability to factor large numbers quickly. This has led to the development of quantum-resistant encryption algorithms. They can simulate molecular interactions at a quantum level, significantly speeding up the drug discovery process by predicting how different compounds will behave. In this video, we have explained quantum computing in simple words and explained how quantum computers work.

#QuantumComputing #FutureOfTech #QuantumSupremacy

Video link:

Quantum entanglement explained: https://youtu.be/fkAAbXPEAtU?si=l5jUh0cCxj6jXDfE

References:
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-01692-9
https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/googles-claims-quantum-supremacy-groundbreaking-overhyped-or-both
https://news.ucsb.edu/2019/019682/achieving-quantum-supremacy
https://mitsloan.mit.edu/ideas-made-to-matter/quantum-computing-what-leaders-need-to-know-now

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320 23

It generally requires more energy to heat a home than to cool one for a number of reasons, including average temperature ranges, insulation issues, and the nature of cooling a space versus warming the air.

Heating a space requires a machine to make heat, which requires a good amount of energy. Basically, you cannot get warm air from the environment, so you must create it. Turning gas into electric energy, and then turning electric energy into heat energy (for those heating systems using electric power), is a very resource-heavy process. Cooling a space, on the other hand, requires a machine to move the heat, by taking it out of the house, and replacing it with cool air in an efficient cycle.

Moreover, within the HVAC industry, air-conditioning systems have also made greater strides in terms of energy efficiency than heating systems, due to the basic nature of their function.

#heating #hvac #heattransfer

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References:
https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7788(93)90039-W
https://books.google.com/books?id=V_C-DwAAQBAJ
https://doi.org/10.2307/2555713

Original Article Link:
https://www.scienceabc.com/eyeopeners/why-does-it-take-more-energy-to-heat-a-home-than-to-cool-one.html

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22 3

Plants next to roads can absorb pollution and become harmful, but it really depends on the type of pollution and how close the plant is to the road.

Vehicles don’t just produce carbon dioxide and nitrous oxides, but also other types of particulate matter, including carbon that comes from fuel combustion of the engine. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) constitute a small proportion of this particulate matter. These chemicals are known to cause certain types of cancer. However, they don’t – directly – affect the plants. Instead, they mix up with dust and land on nearby vegetation, which means that plants and veggies get less sunlight than normal. This is certainly a bad thing.

Lead is arguably the most dangerous aspect of growing vegetables close to busy roads. Vehicles produce some plant contaminants, and lead is the most dangerous. Lead gets absorbed in the soil, and as such, plants cannot guard against them. Thus, there’s a chance that the lead will get into the veggies that you grow in your ‘urban’ garden.

#pollution #urbangarden #leadpoisoning

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References:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4881-0
http://web.archive.org/web/20220906163225/https://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/291na1_en.pdf
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110329134129.htm

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21 6

From the time your cat is a tiny kitten, kneading will already be a part of its everyday activity. Even before a kitten has opened its eyes and is blindly sucking at its mother’s teat, it will instinctively begin to 'knead' at the area around the nipple. It has been shown that such tactile behavior will stimulate the flow of milk, which is essential for the kitten to survive and grow. However, as most cat owners know, this kneading behavior persists throughout a cat’s life.

Another potential explanation for this common behavior stretches all the way back to lions and tigers and the wild cats of the past. When these animals were seeking out safe spaces to sleep and take shelter from the elements, they would tamp down patches of grass in the wild to create a cozy spot for themselves. This would need to be away from predators and secure enough for the animal to sleep, or perhaps even give birth; to this day, cats tend to knead on comfortable surfaces, such as blankets and pillows, but you will rarely see them kneading exposed or flat ground.

#catkneading #catbehavior #weirdcats

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References:
https://books.google.com/books?id=v6IhPwAACAAJ
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2015.09.004

Original Article Link:
https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/animals/why-do-cats-knead.html

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15 4

Homeostasis is the process your body uses to keep its internal environment stable and balanced, ensuring everything functions optimally. In this video, we explore the fascinating world of homeostasis and how it keeps you alive. Imagine your cells as picky office workers, constantly adjusting their surroundings to stay comfortable. They tweak things like temperature, pH levels, and glucose balance to ensure everything stays within a safe range.

We'll dive into the key players in homeostasis, including the nervous and endocrine systems, and how they work together to detect changes and send signals that help the body maintain balance. You'll learn about the two main mechanisms that keep everything in check: negative feedback loops, which act like a tug of war to keep things stable, and positive feedback loops, which amplify signals when necessary, like during childbirth or blood clotting.

By the end of the video, you'll understand why homeostasis is so crucial and how disruptions can lead to disease. So, next time you're adjusting the AC or shivering in the cold, remember—your body is constantly doing the same to keep you healthy!

#homeostasis #HomeostasisExplained #bodybalance

References:
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-1-overview-of-anatomy-and-physiology
https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/homeostasis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559138/
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/[…]oduction_to_the_Human_Body/10.7%3A_Homeostasis_and_Feedback
https://wou.edu/chemistry/courses/online-chemistry-textbooks/ch103-allied-health-chemistry/ch103-chapter-9-homeostasis-and-cellular-function/

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161 3